Female Genital Mutilation Carolina Macias - 1688 Words

Female Genital Mutilation Carolina Macias HSC 425 Matza-Fall 2016 Word Count- 1537 Abstract/Introduction The World Health Organization, also known by the acronym WHO, has defined female genital mutilation as â€Å"procedures that intentionally alter or cause injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.† FGM (acronym for female genital mutilation) is highly prevalent in Africa and the Middle East. An estimated 200 million and counting have been victims of this practice (UNICEF New York, 2016). In the past 20 years the tradition of female circumcision has received a lot of attention from the public and mass media and has been at the center or controversial debate (Kalev, 2004). Why? Because female circumcision is extremely detrimental to a female’s health as it causes long-term and short-term health complications and psychological damage to the victim. This research paper will discuss these topics and reassure the reader that female genital mutilation has and serves no benefits and is ultimately a violation of human rights. Cultural Norms Female circumcision, more appropriate term for this paper would be female genital mutilation, is primarily performed on young school-age girls and serves as a â€Å"coming of age ritual† (Kalev, 2004) for some culture. In being circumcised, the young girl is now ready for her passage to becoming a woman. Being circumcised is a status as well, in being circumcised the girl is ready to take on the duties of a woman with

Injustice In 1984 By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - 1013 Words

Picture a dim room where a woman lies in the darkest corner struggling for freedom from an injustice, the injustice that is poisoning the world around her. Throughout history, and even in today’s society, any type of injustice has hindered the ability for justice to thrive. If one is to think about it if there is corruption in any one place by any one person than there is an influence to promote the continuation of this corruption. As long as this continues then these places cannot achieve fairness. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. addresses this sentiment when he says, â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Injustice, as stated by Martin Luther King, is constantly threatening, contaminating, and oppressing the accounts of†¦show more content†¦The author specifically talks about how a Mexican immigrant named George does not know how to speak, read, or write English. George is required to forfeit a substantial amount of his pay, every week, to th e person who brought him to the states. Due to the fact that he does not earn much money, George is forced to live under poor living condition (Ehrenreich). Because George is an immigrant, he is forced to work in this job and live under these conditions. George is starting from nothing, which from the start puts him at the bottom of the social spectrum. Therefore he needs to continue to attain more wealth to go to school, receive an education, and have better opportunities for jobs that pay better. Because George does not have the same opportunities as other Americans from the beginning, it creates obstacles and social injustice. As long as people are not able to have the same opportunities as the wealthy which establishes a social spectrum, and people living in fear of their government than justice remains threatened. More often times than not actions are made to improve economy which then affects others, therefore, creating economic injustice. In Mac McClellands article, she talks about life and jobs in America, she iterates the effect of economic actions on the middle class through the story of Erin and her family. Erin, a public school teacher, and her husband (Anthony), a public information specialistShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1723 Words   |  7 Pageschallenge and opposition to the racial injustices and segregation that had been engrained in American society for hundreds of years. Events that took place in the 1950s and 1960s, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, sit-ins, speeches and numerous protests define this momentous time in United States history. Speeches during this period served as a means to inspire and assemble a specific group of people, for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X it was the black communityRead MoreMalcolm X Vs. 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For nonprofits, budget offers plusses but endowment reauthorization is still pending Essay Example For Students

For nonprofits, budget offers plusses: but endowment reauthorization is still pending Essay But Endowment reauthorization is still pending Congress, leaving Washington in the dog days of August, barely completed the grueling budget bill a painstakingly achieved piece of legislation that contains several provisions of interest to the nonprofit arts community, for whom the bills passage is seen as a success. One of the most important victories in the bill is the permanent and full charitable deduction for all gifts of appreciated property (stocks, bonds, real estate, art works and other appreciated assets). The provision retroactive to July 1992 for tangible property such as art works and to January 1993 for intangible property such as stocks and bonds reverses action taken in the 1986 Tax Reform Act that subjected gifts of appreciated property to the alternative minimum tax, allowing the donor a tax deduction only on the purchase price not its market value which brought gifts of art to museums to a virtual halt. To ensure that the appreciated property provision would not add to the federal deficits, Congress created a financial offset in the budget bill with the adoption of new substantiation and disclosure requirements. When the bill becomes law on Oct. 1, taxpayers will need written confirmation from the recipient organization in order to claim a charitable tax deduction for a donation of $250 or more. Additionally, nonprofits that receive quid pro quo contributions contributions that are in part payment for goods and services, such as a ticket to a special benefit evening with a value of $75 or more are required to provide an acknowledgement to the donor noting the deductible and nondeductible portions. Another successful campaign mounted by nonprofits removed proposed language from the bill that would have disallowed, in part, a charitable deduction of $2,000 or more where the lobbying activities of the nonprofit organization were of direct financial interest to the contributor. The organization would have been required to determine which of its contributors of $2,000 or more had a direct financial interest in any of the groups lobbying activities, and the portion of the donation that was determined to have been spent on those lobbying activities would not have been tax deductible. Opponents of the measure argued that it would have been impossible for nonprofit groups to accurately determine which of its donors had a direct financial interest in its lobbying activities or what actually constituted this interest. Special burden on contributors On the negative side of the nonprofit scorecard, the budget bill makes permanent a three percent floor on itemized tax deductions, including charitable deductions, which was due to expire in 1994. Taxpayers with incomes of $108,000 or more are currently subject to the floor, and nonprofit lobbyists argued that the floor places a special burden on charitable contributions; since individuals are less likely to adjust their deductions for state and local taxes and mortgage interest, the law may encourage them to reduce their charitable contributions to compensate for the increased tax. Another loss for arts groups commercial as well as nonprofits is the reduction in deductibility of business entertainment expenses, including tickets to cultural events, from 80 percent to 50 percent. While several attempts were made by members of Congress to maintain or increase the deduction level, it was lowered to 50 percent during the final moments of the budget conference, as negotiators scrambled for additional revenue. But the fact that the House and Senate conferees who determined the final outcome of the budget bill increased tax rates on higher income individuals from 31 percent to 36 percent, and the highest income group will be taxed at a rate of nearly 40 percent, is likely to have a favorable impact on the nonprofit sector. Research conducted by Independent Sector and other groups indicates clearly that charitable contributions do increase over time when tax rates go up. Independent Sector estimates that national giving to all philanthropic causes will increase by $1.6 billion annually under the new law. Lost horizon EssayJames Earl Jones, actor and former National Council on the Arts member: She most assuredly has the heart, the integrity and the dedication required to meet the challenges that such a position would bring to bear. In Jane, we are certain that you will find not only a talented actress, but also a good friend to the arts. Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.): I commend the Presidents choice. Jane Alexander is a respected artist and effective advocate for the arts. Her nomination signals President Clintons determination to end the controversies that have politicized the agency in recent years and to emphasize the indispensable role of the arts in our national life. I am confident that, under Ms. Alexanders leadership, excellence will be the standard and free expression the rule. Peter Zeisler, executive director, Theatre Communications Group: The nomination is an inspired choice that joins the United States with those countries where professional artists have headed national cultural agencies over the years. This nomination, and that of Sheldon Hackney as chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, place distinguished professionals with extraordinary credentials in charge of two critical agencies. Zelda Fichandler, artistic director, The Acting Company, New York: Ms. Alexanders roots are in the nonprofit professional theatre, and she has consistently returned to the theatre while simultaneously enjoying great success in film and television. She knows and understands the importance of the nonprofit arts in this country. She is an activist in social causes and an effective and eloquent spokesperson for the arts. Her long experience interacting directly with audiences gives her a special understanding of how important the arts are to the American people. Tom Kilgannon, communications director, Christian Action Network: We just dont think someone from Hollywood should be running the NEA. We think she will tend to place the interests of the Hollywood elite or the advocates of the far Left higher than the interests of Middle America. Marshall Wittmann, legislative affairs director, Christian Coalition: The cultural policy of the administration is one that is on the side of cultural radicalness. We are going to urge Congress to judge th nominee by a middle-class family standard. Judith Golub, executive director, American Arts Alliance: The American Arts Alliance is excited to begin to work with Ms. Alexander. With her outstanding career in the arts, we are confident she understands and will convey the important roles the artist and the arts play in American society. We also have long admired her skills as a leader and her ability to bring people together in support of the creativity and diversity so deeply rooted in our American tradition. Washington Post editorial, Aug. 15, 1993: The nomination of prize-winning actress Jane Alexander to head the NEA is a welcome message from the White House that the arts are not primarily about political cat-fighting . To the frequent assertions by Hill NEA-baiters that the private sector can take care of quality art, can respond, as she did before an appropriations hearing in 1990, that every single play that has won the Pulitzer Prize since 1976 originated on a nonprofit stage . Still, Ms. Alexander shouldnt believe that straightforward good spokesmanship is all the Endowment needs to get out of its current jam. No matter how eloquently she makes the case for the Endowment, the laws of political gravity will ensure that most of the questions she fields will be about the Whitney Museum, chocolatesmeared performance artists and crucifixes in urine. This is a function not necessarily of the issues or of the answers she gives on them, but of the political interest of the questioners an d the desire to test and even taunt some of the would-be grantees. To deal with the questions effectively, she will need not only poise but also a clear political strategy.

Beer Advertisements in Cold War Era free essay sample

The 1950’s are considered a decade of simplicity for most Americans. While the country was experiencing economic and social growth most American felt at home with them selves. Family stability was monumental, and the formation of the suburbs created an urban working class associated with a rural family atmosphere. Americans were leaving work to arrive home and be free and independent within their own ideas of security. During this period the American family was much more than just security, it was seen as the beacon of democracy, and the social glue of America. Another idea that matched family was consumerism, and Americans where buying. Everything from cars to house decor that represented status in commercialized America. In what came to be known as the Kitchen Debates Vice-President Richard Nixon said about the American home exhibit: â€Å"You will see a house, a car, a television set-each the newest and most modern of its type we produce. We will write a custom essay sample on Beer Advertisements in Cold War Era or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But can only the rich in the United States afford such things? If this were the case we would have to include in our definition of rich the millions of America’s Wage earners. (pg 163) Americans during 1950’s were living typical industrious lives that centered a round work, family and consumerism. The middle class was growing, and men and women were marrying not only for love but for security. Coupled with patriotism and security the role of the American home took on more than that of a house, but was the center of American strength and democracy. A symbol of status, the home was the center of all things considered to be American; consumer goods, values, and most importantly security. Beer, an American tradition as old as the country itself, had just been reintroduced to the American market not even twenty years early after the failure of prohibition, and its advertisements reflect the social view of the Patriotism. In a 1950’s run of advertisements by the United States Brewers foundation, that all use the catch phrase â€Å"Beer belongs†¦enjoy it† which is not meant to sale a specific beer, just beer itself. The advertisers show a ship entering New York harbor with the Statue of Liberty shining brightly in the background. insert ad) Yet Prohibition came about because of the negative social perception of the saloon. During earlier American periods drinking was viewed as a male dominated activity that excluded anything resembling decency. Women in the early part of the twentieth century viewed male drinking as a plague to the American household. In fact, male drinking stigmas gave rise to many women’s movements and created a culture where women often had to face the drudgery of maintaining a home and supporting the family economically. Women’s â€Å"speak easies† and underground clubs changed the previous gender role of women as entirely innocent and pure. So when the cold-war family began to immerge, and political as well as social factors changed the dynamic of the household to a place of security, status and expression and brewing companies tried to infiltrate the home with their product. In her book Homeward Bound , Elaine Tyler May says about the American home â€Å" The family seemed to be the one place where people could control their destinies.. † in a time where men and women felt the fear of nuclear fall-out and economic ruin. Since the great depression was not even twenty years behind them, and the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagaski were still fresh, Americans feared much more than â€Å"fear itself. † While women had taken over many male dominated roles during WWII, and felt to some degree emancipated, that was short lived and women had to return to their former roles. In the 1950’s women were seen as an extension to the man of the house, not only in the public eye but to themselves as well. In many cases society at large lost respect for a man who was unemployed or earned less than his better half. In a KLS research poll it showed that while â€Å"75 pecent† believed in joint decision making, and â€Å"80 pecent† believed in a house-husband, â€Å"60 percent said they would lose respect for a husband who earned less than his wife† and â€Å"90 percent believed a wife should give up employment if her husband wanted her to do so. †(pg 56) A magazine advertisement run by the United States Brewers foundation began to appear with the slogan â€Å" Beer belongs†¦enjoy it. † With the catchy slogan usually came pictures of families, couples, or neighbors enjoying a refreshing brew during a social activity. Often times singing or enjoying family, with the beers appropriately placed to look elegant and natural. As in this advertisement from 1951: This advertisement represents much of America during the 1950’s. The women still hold traditional roles and were seen as an extension to the man. The woman is bringing beer to the group while her husband entertains their guest. In a 1959 Magazine advertisement for an unknown beer, a man lazily sits back in a hammock and pours a refreshing beer while the caption reads â€Å"Aren’t you glad†¦.. she remembered the beer. Which shows how women were seen as the housewife and men were seen as the head of the house. During this period many beer advertisements usually centered a round the role of the man, and while women had gained political independence before 1920, women were still held to a double standard during the time period. In fact, women with college educations during this period were not viewed as â€Å"new age† or e ven educated for their own purposes. (include quote on women’s education) Women were still being viewed as second rate citizens to men, and everything reflected societies view of women. In a KLS study held taken during the 1950’s to see how couples decided attraction between each other, one man wrote 5 â€Å" I like particularly her size and form and think she is an attractive and sweet girl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  not saying anything about her education, decision making or overall maturity, and still referred to her as a â€Å"girl†. He continues to say†¦.. She attracts me physically† showing the overall male chauvinist opinion during this time period. In a time when women were entering the work place, becoming politically, economically and socially dependent, beer companies still played on the role of man to sale their product. There were advertisements that appealed to the feminine side of drinking socially. I mean, women were becoming more independent during this period even if society limited their role to the household. In a Rheingold magazine advertisement during the 1950’s trying to appeal to women, the advertisement still portrays women in a feminine and unequal light. The advertisement shows a couple leaving a social function with other couples, the man is putting the women’s coat with his eyes intently fixed on the woman, while she smiles back at the reader. A large sign in the corner reads â€Å"My beer is Rheingold, the dry beer! leading readers to believe that Rheingold is the woman’s preferred beer of choice, and lends fact to the idea that drinking socially can help men to meet women, or women to meet men. Advertisements like this were not playing only on male ideas of meeting women socially, but were also playing on the role of single women. During the 1950’s marr iage rates where at there height, 66% of the population married

Anne Hutchinson essays

Anne Hutchinson essays Was Anne Hutchinson such a threat to the Massachusetts Bay Colony? Anne Hutchinson was a middle aged house wife who in 1638 was forced to leave her town and her life behind her, as she was excommunicated and banished from the puritan community. Like many religious zealots Anne and her family had fled from the unjust rule of the English church and boldly set forth to the new world. Anne and her family where prominent members of the puritan church and where widely respected in Boston Massachusetts. Anne was an educated, enlightened and an opinionated woman. Because of this free-thinking nature Anne was open to sharing her knowledge and did so by inviting people to here home on a set day every week. (page20) Here guests would be introduced to a variety of liberal and reformist views regarding many facets of the Puritan Church. At these meetings Anne was very informal and spread Antinomian beliefs that imbued a radical philosophy that Christians are not bound by established laws, especially moral laws, but should rely on faith and divine grace for sa lvation. (Confession page 26-27) Anne Hutchinson posed no physical danger to the citizens of the Massachusetts Bay area. However in a time when religious extremism was the backbone of society, Anne Hutchinsons extremist views threatened the puritan lifestyle by disregarding the foundations of the conservative puritan church. This kind of activity was considered unlawful in that the New World puritan settlement was though of as a grand holy mission (page 13) the success of which would provide a template for reforming religious world order. The Clerical as well as judicial bodies of Massachusetts recognized Anne as an antagonist to the Puritan mission. They quickly formulated a case to condemn Anne Hutchinson, thus making a statement to all other Antinomians that liberal ideology was not to be condoned. The case against Anne was loosely constructed and relied upon...

Chocolate's Bittersweet Economy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chocolate's Bittersweet Economy - Case Study Example Within international perspectives wherein trans-national organizations are at work, the situation may become more difficult as not directly controlling the stakes in various countries or rather at various steps of supply chain absolve most of the international organizations from their true responsibilities and accountabilities. This case study discusses some of the issues and concerns at child labor and how different stakeholders including large international importers of cocoa from Ivory Coast. The relative ethical considerations of each stakeholder and how they are contributing towards achieving the intended objectives of reducing or rather abolishing child labor from Cocoa fields is also discussed at great length. Issues discussed in the case study are diversified in nature and focus on multiple issues to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ethical issues surrounding the cocoa trade in Ivory Coast. Every government has the responsibility and moral obligation to provide basic necessities including clean water, health, education as well as safety of its citizens. The moral obligations of the government therefore require that it must act in a way which can ensure that every citizen has the access to basic and fundamental necessities. Government is a stakeholder in this case because it has to ensure that the children working in the forms are getting proper education as well as access to health. Further, government is also obliged to act on the international legislations barring child labor into the cocoa fields. It is also obligatory for the government to ensure that the taxes that it collects from the cocoa producers are spent on the development of physical infrastructure as well as other facilities such as building schools so that children can go to school besides a general improvement in the standards of living happens. Local suppliers serve as the middle men in this whole cycle and they are the entities which basically coordinate with the

Occupational Safety and Health Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 123

Occupational Safety and Health Act - Essay Example The employer should provide all safety information required by the employee to assess their workplace safety based on the requirements of the OSHA. The information should be provided in a language understandable by the employee (OSHA, 2015). In addition, an employee has the right to access the results from hazard inspections in the workplace. The employee is also provided with the right to access medical records of the workplace based on injuries and illnesses. Records of medical history can also be accessed by the employee (OSHA, 2014).Self-employed persons are not covered by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA, 2015). This is based on that the Act only covers employees who may have the work rights violated. In the case of self-employed persons, the responsibility to provide safe workplace is on themselves. In addition, the Act provide for both employee and employer, the parties are absent in self-employment. Immediate family members of farm owners who only employ family me mbers to the farm are not covered by the OSHA (OSHA, 2015). The family members are partially viewed as owners since this type of farm may be viewed as a family business. Consequently, all workers in the farm are viewed more as family members than employees. The OSHA also does not provide for working hazards that are under mandate of another Federal Agency (OSHA, 2014). For instance, mine safety coast guards provide specifications for employees in their own industry. When an employee realizes violation of a safe working environment, they may file a complaint with the OSHA. The complaint may be filed through email contact to the agency or by the physical visit to the nearest office. The OSHA may contact the employer based on the complaints filed (OSHA, 2015). However, the employee may insist on the inspection of their workplace. The employee is also not required to leave their place of work after filing the complaint.